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Manchester coding with 125KHz modulation

Hi friend,

We have a project with BLE connection. It sends out the Manchester data and the data modulates with 125KHz. Can we use PWM to do that? Will the data format be disturbed by BLE? Can I increase the priority to avoid the data format being disturbed? Could anyone guide how to do that? The long cycle is 114 uS and the short cycle is 52 uS.

Best wishes

Ted Wu

  • Hi,

    It should be possible to get something working with the PWM driver. The PWM driver uses the dedicated PWM peripheral, so it won't be affected/ disturbed by higher priority tasks.

    Here is some code that might be helpful:

    /**
     * Copyright (c) 2015 - 2018, Nordic Semiconductor ASA
     * 
     * All rights reserved.
     * 
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
     * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
     * 
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
     *    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form, except as embedded into a Nordic
     *    Semiconductor ASA integrated circuit in a product or a software update for
     *    such product, must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of
     *    conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other
     *    materials provided with the distribution.
     * 
     * 3. Neither the name of Nordic Semiconductor ASA nor the names of its
     *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
     *    software without specific prior written permission.
     * 
     * 4. This software, with or without modification, must only be used with a
     *    Nordic Semiconductor ASA integrated circuit.
     * 
     * 5. Any software provided in binary form under this license must not be reverse
     *    engineered, decompiled, modified and/or disassembled.
     * 
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY NORDIC SEMICONDUCTOR ASA "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS
     * OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
     * OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
     * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL NORDIC SEMICONDUCTOR ASA OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
     * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
     * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
     * GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
     * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     * 
     */
    /** @file
     * @defgroup pwm_example_main main.c
     * @{
     * @ingroup pwm_example
     *
     * @brief PWM Example Application main file.
     *
     * This file contains the source code for a sample application using PWM.
     */
    
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include "nrf_drv_pwm.h"
    #include "app_util_platform.h"
    #include "app_error.h"
    #include "boards.h"
    #include "bsp.h"
    #include "app_timer.h"
    #include "nrf_drv_clock.h"
    
    #include "nrf_log.h"
    #include "nrf_log_ctrl.h"
    #include "nrf_log_default_backends.h"
    
    static nrf_drv_pwm_t m_pwm0 = NRF_DRV_PWM_INSTANCE(0);
    
    
    #define PWM_PIN 3
    
    
    #define HIGH 0x00
    
    #define LOW 0x8000
    
    // 1 cycle ~ 4µs
    #define HIGH_52us HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH
    
    #define LOW_52us  LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW
    
    #define HIGH_114us HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH, \
                       HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH, \
                       HIGH,HIGH
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    static void pwm_init(void)
    {
        nrf_drv_pwm_config_t config =
        {
            // These are the common configuration options we use for all PWM
            // instances.
            .irq_priority = APP_IRQ_PRIORITY_LOWEST,
            .count_mode   = NRF_PWM_MODE_UP,
            .step_mode    = NRF_PWM_STEP_AUTO,
        };
    
        config.base_clock = NRF_PWM_CLK_16MHz;
        config.top_value  = 64;
        config.load_mode  = NRF_PWM_LOAD_COMMON;
    
        config.output_pins[0] = PWM_PIN | NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_INVERTED;
        config.output_pins[1] = NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_NOT_USED;
        config.output_pins[2] = NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_NOT_USED;
        config.output_pins[3] = NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_NOT_USED;
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(nrf_drv_pwm_init(&m_pwm0, &config, NULL));
    }
    
    static void start_pwm_demo()
    {
        // Sequence 0:
        static nrf_pwm_values_common_t seq0_values[] =
        {
           HIGH_114us,LOW_52us
        };
    
        nrf_pwm_sequence_t const pwm0_seq0 =
        {
            .values.p_common = seq0_values,    
            .length          = NRF_PWM_VALUES_LENGTH(seq0_values),
            .repeats         = 0,
            .end_delay       = 0
        };
    
        (void)nrf_drv_pwm_simple_playback(&m_pwm0, &pwm0_seq0, 1,
                                           NRF_DRV_PWM_FLAG_LOOP);
    
    
    
    //    // Sequence 1 :
    //   static nrf_pwm_values_common_t seq1_values[2] = {0,0};
    //
    //    nrf_pwm_sequence_t const pwm0_seq1 =
    //    {
    //        .values.p_common = seq1_values,
    //        .length          = NRF_PWM_VALUES_LENGTH(seq1_values),
    //        .repeats         = 0,
    //        .end_delay       = 0
    //    };
    
    //    (void)nrf_drv_pwm_complex_playback(&m_pwm0, &pwm0_seq0, &pwm0_seq1, 1,
    //                                       NRF_DRV_PWM_FLAG_LOOP);
    
    
    
    }
    
    
    
    static void bsp_evt_handler(bsp_event_t evt)
    {
    
        switch (evt)
        {
            // Button 1 on DK - start pwm demo
            case BSP_EVENT_KEY_0:
                 //start_pwm_demo();
                 break;
                
            default:
                return;
        }
    
    }
    
    
    
    void app_error_fault_handler(uint32_t id, uint32_t pc, uint32_t info)
    {
        bsp_board_leds_on();
        app_error_save_and_stop(id, pc, info);
    }
    
    static void init_bsp()
    {
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(nrf_drv_clock_init());
        nrf_drv_clock_lfclk_request(NULL);
    
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(app_timer_init());
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(bsp_init(BSP_INIT_BUTTONS, bsp_evt_handler));
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(bsp_buttons_enable());
    }
    
    
    int main(void)
    {
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(NRF_LOG_INIT(NULL));
        NRF_LOG_DEFAULT_BACKENDS_INIT();
    
    
        NRF_LOG_INFO("PWM example started.");
        init_bsp();
    
        bool accurate_HFCLK = true;
    
        if(accurate_HFCLK)
        {
          // Start accurate HFCLK (XOSC)
          NRF_CLOCK->TASKS_HFCLKSTART = 1;
          while (NRF_CLOCK->EVENTS_HFCLKSTARTED == 0) ;
          NRF_CLOCK->EVENTS_HFCLKSTARTED = 0;
        }
    
        pwm_init();
    
        start_pwm_demo();
    
        for (;;)
        {
            // Wait for an event.
            __WFE();
    
            // Clear the event register.
            __SEV();
            __WFE();
    
            NRF_LOG_FLUSH();
        }
    }
    
    
    /** @} */

  • Hi Sigurd,

    I have an array data. I separate them to many 80-byte block's data. The data of 80 bytes need to be encoded to Manchester data and it is modulated with 125KHz. I change your example to send out a bit data. It occupies 80*8*26*2 word memory space if I want to send 80 bytes data. It occupies too many memory. Do you have another idea to save memory? The green block on attached file is 125KHz modulation.

    Best wishes
    Ted Wu

    /**
     * Copyright (c) 2015 - 2018, Nordic Semiconductor ASA
     * 
     * All rights reserved.
     * 
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
     * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
     * 
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
     *    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form, except as embedded into a Nordic
     *    Semiconductor ASA integrated circuit in a product or a software update for
     *    such product, must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of
     *    conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other
     *    materials provided with the distribution.
     * 
     * 3. Neither the name of Nordic Semiconductor ASA nor the names of its
     *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
     *    software without specific prior written permission.
     * 
     * 4. This software, with or without modification, must only be used with a
     *    Nordic Semiconductor ASA integrated circuit.
     * 
     * 5. Any software provided in binary form under this license must not be reverse
     *    engineered, decompiled, modified and/or disassembled.
     * 
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY NORDIC SEMICONDUCTOR ASA "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS
     * OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
     * OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
     * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL NORDIC SEMICONDUCTOR ASA OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
     * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
     * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
     * GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
     * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
     * 
     */
    /** @file
     * @defgroup pwm_example_main main.c
     * @{
     * @ingroup pwm_example
     *
     * @brief PWM Example Application main file.
     *
     * This file contains the source code for a sample application using PWM.
     */
    
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include "nrf_drv_pwm.h"
    #include "app_util_platform.h"
    #include "app_error.h"
    #include "boards.h"
    #include "bsp.h"
    #include "app_timer.h"
    #include "nrf_drv_clock.h"
    
    #include "nrf_log.h"
    #include "nrf_log_ctrl.h"
    #include "nrf_log_default_backends.h"
    
    static nrf_drv_pwm_t m_pwm0 = NRF_DRV_PWM_INSTANCE(0);
    
    #define PWM_PIN 3
    
    
    #define HIGH 0x00
    
    #define LOW 0x8000
    
    // 1 cycle ~ 4μs
    #define HIGH_52us HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH
    
    #define LOW_52us  LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW,LOW
    
    #define HIGH_114us HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH, \
                       HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH,HIGH, \
                       HIGH,HIGH
    
    #define LOGIC_1    HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH, \
                       LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW
    
    #define LOGIC_0    LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, LOW, HIGH,  \
                       LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW, HIGH,LOW
    
    static void pwm_init(void)
    {
        nrf_drv_pwm_config_t config =
        {
            // These are the common configuration options we use for all PWM
            // instances.
            .irq_priority = APP_IRQ_PRIORITY_LOWEST,
            .count_mode   = NRF_PWM_MODE_UP,
            .step_mode    = NRF_PWM_STEP_AUTO,
        };
    
        config.base_clock = NRF_PWM_CLK_16MHz;
        config.top_value  = 64;
        config.load_mode  = NRF_PWM_LOAD_COMMON;
    
        config.output_pins[0] = PWM_PIN | NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_INVERTED;
        config.output_pins[1] = NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_NOT_USED;
        config.output_pins[2] = NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_NOT_USED;
        config.output_pins[3] = NRF_DRV_PWM_PIN_NOT_USED;
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(nrf_drv_pwm_init(&m_pwm0, &config, NULL));
    }
    
    static void start_pwm_demo()
    {
        // Sequence 0:
        static nrf_pwm_values_common_t seq0_values[] =
        {
    //       HIGH_114us,LOW_52us
           LOGIC_1,LOGIC_0
        };
    
        nrf_pwm_sequence_t const pwm0_seq0 =
        {
            .values.p_common = seq0_values,    
            .length          = NRF_PWM_VALUES_LENGTH(seq0_values),
            .repeats         = 0,
            .end_delay       = 0
        };
    
        (void)nrf_drv_pwm_simple_playback(&m_pwm0, &pwm0_seq0, 1,
                                           NRF_DRV_PWM_FLAG_LOOP);
    
    //    // Sequence 1 :
    //   static nrf_pwm_values_common_t seq1_values[2] = {0,0};
    //
    //    nrf_pwm_sequence_t const pwm0_seq1 =
    //    {
    //        .values.p_common = seq1_values,
    //        .length          = NRF_PWM_VALUES_LENGTH(seq1_values),
    //        .repeats         = 0,
    //        .end_delay       = 0
    //    };
    
    //    (void)nrf_drv_pwm_complex_playback(&m_pwm0, &pwm0_seq0, &pwm0_seq1, 1,
    //                                       NRF_DRV_PWM_FLAG_LOOP);
    }
    
    static void bsp_evt_handler(bsp_event_t evt)
    {
    
        switch (evt)
        {
            // Button 1 on DK - start pwm demo
            case BSP_EVENT_KEY_0:
                 //start_pwm_demo();
                 break;
                
            default:
                return;
        }
    }
    
    void app_error_fault_handler(uint32_t id, uint32_t pc, uint32_t info)
    {
        bsp_board_leds_on();
        app_error_save_and_stop(id, pc, info);
    }
    
    static void init_bsp()
    {
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(nrf_drv_clock_init());
        nrf_drv_clock_lfclk_request(NULL);
    
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(app_timer_init());
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(bsp_init(BSP_INIT_BUTTONS, bsp_evt_handler));
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(bsp_buttons_enable());
    }
    
    int main(void)
    {
        APP_ERROR_CHECK(NRF_LOG_INIT(NULL));
        NRF_LOG_DEFAULT_BACKENDS_INIT();
    
    
        NRF_LOG_INFO("PWM example started.");
        init_bsp();
    
        bool accurate_HFCLK = true;
    
        if(accurate_HFCLK)
        {
          // Start accurate HFCLK (XOSC)
          NRF_CLOCK->TASKS_HFCLKSTART = 1;
          while (NRF_CLOCK->EVENTS_HFCLKSTARTED == 0) ;
          NRF_CLOCK->EVENTS_HFCLKSTARTED = 0;
        }
    
        pwm_init();
    
        start_pwm_demo();
    
        for (;;)
        {
            // Wait for an event.
            __WFE();
    
            // Clear the event register.
            __SEV();
            __WFE();
    
            NRF_LOG_FLUSH();
        }
    }
    
    
    /** @} */

  • Ted said:
    Do you have another idea to save memory?

     You could maybe split the data into multiple "seq0_values[]" and "pwm0_seq0" ?

  • PWM differential requires 8 x 2 x 2 = 32 bytes per byte. nrf_pwm_values_individual_t requires double the memory of nrf_pwm_values_grouped_t; the only requirement is that for the latter you map the pins to PSEL.OUT[0] and PSEL.OUT[2] instead of PSEL.OUT[0] and PSEL.OUT[1]. Worth doing, since Manchester encoding with differential PWM requires very large memory buffers compared with single-ended SPI. (I posted a similar response on another thread, apologies if it's the same request.)

    Edit: I missed the 125kHz modulation part, pity ..

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